Karolinska Institutet is a leading centre in the treatment of esophageal atresia. As an effect of a national centralisation of some congenital malformations, they see about 25 new cases each year, making them one of the largest centres in Europe. The expertise of this department lies in endotracheal surgery of H-type tracheoesophageal fistulae, recurrent tracheoesophageal fistulae and fistula remnants by using mechanical abration, electrocautetry, local administration of trichlolic acid, glue, clips and endoscopic suturing, or a combination of different techniques. As such the department has specific expertise in Tissue Engineering.